Studies, Conference Proceedings, and Working Papers of the Faculty of Law and Political Sciences of Széchenyi István University
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Volume 13 Issue 1 2026
The Legal Doctrine of Forgery and Fraud in Roman Criminal Law...
Roman law; forgery; fraud; falsum; counterfeiting; legal history
This study examines the legal doctrine and historical development of forgery and fraud in Roman criminal law, with special emphasis on counterfeiting. It explores how falsum, initially a broad concept of deceit, gained clearer legal contours through the Lex Cornelia de falsis and later imperial legislation. Using doctrinal, historical, and comparative methods, the paper analyses offences such as testamentary falsification, forgery of official documents, and monetary counterfeiting. Particular attention is given to the transformation of counterfeiting from a property-related offence in the Republic into a crime of laesa maiestas under the Empire, reflecting the growing centralization of monetary sovereignty and imperial authority. The study argues that Roman criminal law treated falsification not only as a punishable act but also as a threat to public trust in legal and economic institutions. By examining classical sources, including the Digesta, the Collatio Legum Mosaicarum et Romanarum, and the writings of Ulpian and Paulus, the paper shows how Roman jurisprudence anticipated later European doctrines on state symbols, financial instruments, and deceit.
HOTTÓ, ISTVÁN
Green, Safe, and Misleading? ESG Investment Products, Greenwashing, and...
Consumer protection; ESG labelling; greenwashing; retail investor vulnerability; sustainable finance regulation
The rapid expansion of ESG-labelled investment products in the European Union has transformed sustainable finance into a mainstream retail market offering. Through digital platforms such as banking applications and robo-advisors, “green” investments are increasingly presented as both ethically desirable and financially responsible. While EU regulation has significantly strengthened sustainability-related disclosure through instruments such as MiFID II, the Sustainable Finance Disclosure Regulation (SFDR), the EU Taxonomy Regulation, and the Unfair Commercial Practices Directive (UCPD), sustainability classification does not imply reduced financial risk. Nevertheless, simplified ESG labels, fund names, and digital interface design may influence investor perception, particularly among vulnerable retail investors with limited financial literacy. This paper examines whether the current EU legal framework adequately protects retail investors from misleading sustainability framing in digital environments. It argues that EU sustainable finance law remains predominantly disclosure-based and insufficiently attentive to behavioural and perceptual effects. The paper proposes a more integrated interpretation of financial and consumer protection rules, emphasising vulnerability and the need to distinguish clearly between environmental alignment and financial safety.
AFRI, OBBIE
Regulatory Gaps in Hydrogen Technology in the Shadow of the Green Transition...
Hydrogen economy, regulatory gaps, excise taxation, explosion safety, disaster management protocols
The development of hydrogen-based transport and energy storage depends on a coherent regulatory framework adapted to the technology’s specific characteristics. Based on an analysis of the Hungarian regulatory environment, this study argues that hydrogen-related rules remain fragmented, creating administrative burdens and investment uncertainty for market participants. The paper examines taxation, urban planning, occupational safety, and fire protection rules, with particular attention to deficiencies in excise regulation and the safety-technical gaps of the National Hydrogen Strategy. The analysis shows that the lack of defined excise tax rates, the quality assurance shortcomings of NFM Decree 17/2017, and the strict installation restrictions of the National Telecommunications and Infrastructure Framework hinder both investment and the development of residential hydrogen infrastructure. In the absence of detailed domestic rules, market actors and authorities are often forced to rely on international standards, which only partly compensate for regulatory gaps. The study concludes that technological development has outpaced legislation and that targeted legal intervention is needed. It proposes the adoption of an independent hydrogen-specific disaster management guide, the harmonisation of intervention protocols with domestic legal frameworks, and the supplementation of the Technical Guidelines for Fire Protection with explosion-protection requirements. The findings underline that the objectives of the National Hydrogen Strategy cannot be achieved without integrating safety-technical considerations and resolving permitting anomalies affecting green technologies. The article offers a regulatory roadmap for legislators and technical planners seeking to reduce risks arising from the current regulatory hiatus.
HASULYÓ, GÁBOR
New Format of Securities: Securities Registered in Distributed Ledgers...
Securities; distributed ledger technology; crypto-assets
Like many other subject areas, technological progress is also transforming the world of securities. New technological solutions and opportunities may lead to the emergence of new institutions, including new legal institutions. The distributed ledger technology enabling the operation of well-known cryptocurrencies is – among many other things – a tool suitable for the registration of securities; although it has not yet become widespread, some countries have already established the legal framework for its application. This study presents a comparative analysis of existing European regulatory solutions to demonstrate the options available for establishing an effective regulatory framework for securities recorded on a distributed ledger and the benefits of introducing such a securities registration system from both a regulatory and a practical perspective.
HALÁSZ, ZSOLT
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