Consumer Protection & Dispute Resolution
Data Protetction as Data Security - The Ecosystem of Digital Markets
Data protection; digital platforms; artificial intelligence; big data; algorithmic decision-making; digital markets
One of the most dramatic processes of our times is the information explosion and the dramatic social transformation that is taking place in its wake. Digital footprints allow us to reconstruct previously hidden structures and relationships, and to change the tools, methodologies and results of cognition. The essence of technology is to be as versatile as possible, using more and more data of different categories and timings, with new solutions and operations evolving on a complex daily basis. This does not make privacy "dead", as many people think - it is simply that the focus may be on the rules for managing personal data rather than protecting it. In order to harness and reap the benefits of mobile devices, artificial intelligence-based big data technology⁴ and hybrid cloud services⁵, we need to facilitate data sharing and we need regulation that allows this to happen while maintaining the confidentiality of the data with the data controller. The first part of the chapter provides an overview of the approach to the protection of fundamental rights and the definition of the conceptual issues of regulation. The second part argues that our current general contract practice is convenient but not right, given the extent to which we need to enforce our fundamental constitutional rights. The third part outlines the framework of a real contractual relationship for data management. The final part offers some preliminary thoughts on the possible obligations of dominant digital platforms. Accordingly, the regulatory presumption that individuals can control the flow of their personal data should be overcome.
MOZSONYI, NORBERT
Legal Tools Supporting the Household Debt Financing in Hungary
Foreign-currency loans; household debt; financial regulation; consumer protection; mortgage lending; Hungary
The article examines the expansion and subsequent restructuring of foreign-currency household loans in Hungary. It analyses legislative, regulatory, judicial, and asset-management measures introduced to protect borrowers and eliminate foreign-currency mortgage debt.
GLAVANITS, JUDIT
The Protection of Air Passengers’ Rights on the Basis of International and European Law
Air passenger rights; air carrier liability; flight cancellation; denied boarding; baggage claims; EU transport law
The article compares international and EU rules protecting air passengers in cases of delay, cancellation, denied boarding, personal injury, and baggage loss. It concludes that EU law generally provides broader rights, assistance, and information duties than the international aviation conventions.
MAJEWSKA, MAGDALENA
Green, Safe, and Misleading? ESG Investment Products, Greenwashing, and...
Consumer protection; ESG labelling; greenwashing; retail investor vulnerability; sustainable finance regulation
The rapid expansion of ESG-labelled investment products in the European Union has transformed sustainable finance into a mainstream retail market offering. Through digital platforms such as banking applications and robo-advisors, “green” investments are increasingly presented as both ethically desirable and financially responsible. While EU regulation has significantly strengthened sustainability-related disclosure through instruments such as MiFID II, the Sustainable Finance Disclosure Regulation (SFDR), the EU Taxonomy Regulation, and the Unfair Commercial Practices Directive (UCPD), sustainability classification does not imply reduced financial risk. Nevertheless, simplified ESG labels, fund names, and digital interface design may influence investor perception, particularly among vulnerable retail investors with limited financial literacy. This paper examines whether the current EU legal framework adequately protects retail investors from misleading sustainability framing in digital environments. It argues that EU sustainable finance law remains predominantly disclosure-based and insufficiently attentive to behavioural and perceptual effects. The paper proposes a more integrated interpretation of financial and consumer protection rules, emphasising vulnerability and the need to distinguish clearly between environmental alignment and financial safety.
AFRI, OBBIE
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