Criminal Procedure Law
Norms of International Law and International Treaties as Parent Legislation for Russian...
Russian criminal procedure; international treaties; human rights standards; direct applicability; victims’ compensation; reasonable time
The article examines the incorporation and direct application of international legal standards in Russian criminal procedure. It identifies persistent problems concerning treaty ratification, victims’ compensation, reasonable-time guarantees, and the practical implementation of European human rights standards.
LIUTYNSKII, ANTON
Impact of European Law on the Changing Correlation Between Attorney’s Independence and...
Attorney independence; fair trial; right to defence; appointed counsel; contingency fees; European law
The article examines attorney independence as a safeguard of the right to a fair trial, focusing on appointed defence counsel, conflicts of interest, contingency fees, and Hungarian regulation in light of European human rights and professional standards.
BÉCSI, KATALIN
Child Pornography in Hungarian Criminal Law...
Child pornography; child sexual abuse material; artificial intelligence; criminal investigation; Hungarian criminal law
This article examines the Hungarian offence of child pornography from criminal-law, criminological, comparative-law, and technological perspectives. It outlines the development of the Hungarian legal framework under the influence of international and European norms, and compares it with the regulation in Germany, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Japan. The article also argues that the term paedophile is often used inaccurately in legal and public discourse, since not all offenders involved in child pornography cases fall within that clinical category. Against this background, it considers whether artificial-intelligence-based image recognition may assist criminal investigations involving child sexual abuse material. It concludes that such systems may be legally and practically useful in Hungary, provided that they remain subject to clear statutory regulation, meaningful human oversight, and strict data-protection safeguards.
KISS, ESZTER – CZEBE, ANDRÁS
The Presence of Nonverbal Communication in (Procedural) Law
Nonverbal communication, legal proceedings, witness credibility, mediation, judicial decision-making
This study examines the role of nonverbal communication in legal contexts, with particular attention to its significance in Hungarian law and international jurisprudence. It argues that gestures, facial expressions, posture, eye contact, and vocal cues can provide valuable insight into emotions, intentions, and credibility, even though they are not formally recognized as independent means of proof. The paper first outlines the theoretical relationship between communication and nonverbal communication, then explores the growing relevance of nonverbal signals in areas such as mediation, civil procedure, criminal procedure, labour law, and family law. It also reviews selected international cases in which nonverbal behaviour influenced investigations, public perception, or judicial evaluation. The study concludes that nonverbal communication can support legal decision-making, but its interpretation remains complex due to subjectivity, cultural variation, and the effects of digitalisation. Therefore, greater professional awareness and training are needed to ensure its careful and responsible use in the service of justice.
SZATMÁRI, NIKOLETT
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