AI, Law & Digital Justice
Data Protetction as Data Security - The Ecosystem of Digital Markets
Data protection; digital platforms; artificial intelligence; big data; algorithmic decision-making; digital markets
One of the most dramatic processes of our times is the information explosion and the dramatic social transformation that is taking place in its wake. Digital footprints allow us to reconstruct previously hidden structures and relationships, and to change the tools, methodologies and results of cognition. The essence of technology is to be as versatile as possible, using more and more data of different categories and timings, with new solutions and operations evolving on a complex daily basis. This does not make privacy "dead", as many people think - it is simply that the focus may be on the rules for managing personal data rather than protecting it. In order to harness and reap the benefits of mobile devices, artificial intelligence-based big data technology⁴ and hybrid cloud services⁵, we need to facilitate data sharing and we need regulation that allows this to happen while maintaining the confidentiality of the data with the data controller. The first part of the chapter provides an overview of the approach to the protection of fundamental rights and the definition of the conceptual issues of regulation. The second part argues that our current general contract practice is convenient but not right, given the extent to which we need to enforce our fundamental constitutional rights. The third part outlines the framework of a real contractual relationship for data management. The final part offers some preliminary thoughts on the possible obligations of dominant digital platforms. Accordingly, the regulatory presumption that individuals can control the flow of their personal data should be overcome.
MOZSONYI, NORBERT
The Role of Smart Courts and Artificial Intelligence in Enhancing Consumer Protection...
Smart courts; artificial intelligence; consumer protection; access to justice; digital justice
This article examines how smart courts and artificial intelligence can strengthen consumer protection in civil law systems while also creating new risks for fair trial rights and equality before the law. It compares developments in the European Union, the United Kingdom, and China, focusing on online filing, virtual hearings, automated case management, AI-assisted document review, and judicial decision-support tools. The article argues that these technologies can improve access to justice for consumers by reducing delay, lowering costs, simplifying small claims procedures, and supporting cross-border dispute resolution. At the same time, it shows that algorithmic bias, black-box reasoning, automation bias, data protection concerns, and digital exclusion may undermine the very protective function that consumer law is meant to serve. The comparative analysis suggests that AI is most defensible in assistant functions, such as triage, translation, document organization, and procedural guidance, but is far more problematic when it approaches substantive adjudication. The article concludes that smart courts can contribute meaningfully to consumer justice only if they are designed around transparency, human oversight, inclusivity, and effective procedural safeguards.
OCHILBOEV, ABBOSBEK
Child Pornography in Hungarian Criminal Law...
Child pornography; child sexual abuse material; artificial intelligence; criminal investigation; Hungarian criminal law
This article examines the Hungarian offence of child pornography from criminal-law, criminological, comparative-law, and technological perspectives. It outlines the development of the Hungarian legal framework under the influence of international and European norms, and compares it with the regulation in Germany, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Japan. The article also argues that the term paedophile is often used inaccurately in legal and public discourse, since not all offenders involved in child pornography cases fall within that clinical category. Against this background, it considers whether artificial-intelligence-based image recognition may assist criminal investigations involving child sexual abuse material. It concludes that such systems may be legally and practically useful in Hungary, provided that they remain subject to clear statutory regulation, meaningful human oversight, and strict data-protection safeguards.
KISS, ESZTER – CZEBE, ANDRÁS
The Presence of Nonverbal Communication in (Procedural) Law
Nonverbal communication, legal proceedings, witness credibility, mediation, judicial decision-making
This study examines the role of nonverbal communication in legal contexts, with particular attention to its significance in Hungarian law and international jurisprudence. It argues that gestures, facial expressions, posture, eye contact, and vocal cues can provide valuable insight into emotions, intentions, and credibility, even though they are not formally recognized as independent means of proof. The paper first outlines the theoretical relationship between communication and nonverbal communication, then explores the growing relevance of nonverbal signals in areas such as mediation, civil procedure, criminal procedure, labour law, and family law. It also reviews selected international cases in which nonverbal behaviour influenced investigations, public perception, or judicial evaluation. The study concludes that nonverbal communication can support legal decision-making, but its interpretation remains complex due to subjectivity, cultural variation, and the effects of digitalisation. Therefore, greater professional awareness and training are needed to ensure its careful and responsible use in the service of justice.
SZATMÁRI, NIKOLETT
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