Can Crypto-Assets Be Used in International Investments? An Analysis of...
Crypto-assets, financial regulation, tokenization
This study examines the use of crypto-assets in international investment, focusing on their legal, financial, and regulatory dimensions. Against the background of declining global investment flows and the rapid growth of the digital economy, crypto-assets are assessed as an emerging component of international financial activity. The study evaluates key regulatory frameworks, including the European Union’s Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation (MiCA) and Türkiye’s Law No. 7518, with particular attention to the legal status and usability of crypto-assets. The paper also explores the role of crypto-assets in cross-border payments and international financial transactions. Stablecoins are considered in terms of their potential to reduce transaction costs and improve efficiency, making them relevant not only for payment systems but also for investment flows. At the same time, the study highlights major limitations, including volatility, regulatory uncertainty, systemic risks, and market instability. In this context, tokenization methods used by international organizations are presented as a more integrated and sustainable alternative. The study further analyzes Türkiye’s evolving regulatory framework, especially the licensing and supervision of crypto-asset service providers. Finally, it hypothetically considers whether crypto-assets could be used as company capital within international investment law. The findings suggest that although crypto-assets offer functional advantages, they cannot currently serve as stable instruments in international investment processes due to regulatory fragmentation, market volatility, and valuation problems.
SOYGENIS, YUNUS EMRE
Child Pornography in Hungarian Criminal Law...
Child pornography; child sexual abuse material; artificial intelligence; criminal investigation; Hungarian criminal law
This article examines the Hungarian offence of child pornography from criminal-law, criminological, comparative-law, and technological perspectives. It outlines the development of the Hungarian legal framework under the influence of international and European norms, and compares it with the regulation in Germany, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Japan. The article also argues that the term paedophile is often used inaccurately in legal and public discourse, since not all offenders involved in child pornography cases fall within that clinical category. Against this background, it considers whether artificial-intelligence-based image recognition may assist criminal investigations involving child sexual abuse material. It concludes that such systems may be legally and practically useful in Hungary, provided that they remain subject to clear statutory regulation, meaningful human oversight, and strict data-protection safeguards.
KISS, ESZTER – CZEBE, ANDRÁS
The Criminalisation of Informal Payments in Hungarian Healthcare...
Informal payments; Hungarian healthcare; criminalisation; legal consciousness; anti-corruption law
This article examines the criminalisation of informal payments in Hungarian healthcare, with particular attention to the legal uncertainty that preceded the 2020 reform, the logic of the new anti-corruption framework, and the social attitudes surrounding its enforcement. It analyses the former judicial treatment of “hálapénz”, the legislative shift introduced by Act C of 2020, and the broader question whether criminal law can effectively eliminate a practice that has long been socially embedded. Drawing on questionnaire-based research, the article also explores public knowledge of the current regulation and attitudes towards the punishability of informal payments. It argues that criminalisation may narrow the scope of the practice, but that its long-term reduction is likely to depend on broader structural improvements in the healthcare system, including legal clarity, institutional trust, and the perceived fairness and quality of care.
JÁGER, ESZTER – CZEBE, ANDRÁS
The Role of Corporate Responsibility and Quality Legislation in Achieving the Sustainable...
Sustainability, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), Due Diligence, Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive (CSDDD), Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
The adoption of Directive (EU) 2024/1760 on Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence (CSDDD) constitutes a significant step in the EU’s efforts to promote responsible business conduct. It imposes binding obligations on large companies to identify, prevent, and mitigate adverse human rights and environmental impacts throughout their operations and value chains. Member States must transpose the directive into national law within two years, raising important legal and practical challenges. This paper provides a legal analysis of the CSDDD, focusing on its scope, enforcement mechanisms, and alignment with principles of legislative quality. It places the directive within the broader international sustainability agenda, particularly the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), highlighting the relevance of SDG 16 and SDG 17 to strengthening institutions and partnerships. The study also explores the evolving concept of corporate due diligence as a cornerstone of ethical governance. In the Hungarian context, it examines Act CVII of 2023 on ESG, identifying overlaps and gaps in relation to the CSDDD. This comparison offers insights into Hungary’s readiness for implementation. In addition to normative analysis, the paper showcases best practices from companies engaged in responsible conduct, illustrating how legal compliance can go hand in hand with positive social and environmental impact. The study further examines how the new unified directive fits within the broader framework of previous regulatory efforts from a legal perspective.
SZABÓ, ÉVA
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