Human Rights, Equality & Minority Protection
Human Rights Perspectives, Programs and Policies
Human rights; policy implementation; global governance; democratic accountability; supranational institutions; constitutionalism
The article proposes a six-stage policy model – perspectives, principles, programs, policies, processes, and practices – for analysing the institutionalization of human rights. From sociological, ideological, and geopolitical perspectives, it critically examines the effects of supranational governance on democratic accountability, constitutional limits, and national self-government.
LENGYEL, TIBOR
Impact of European Law on the Changing Correlation Between Attorney’s Independence and...
Attorney independence; fair trial; right to defence; appointed counsel; contingency fees; European law
The article examines attorney independence as a safeguard of the right to a fair trial, focusing on appointed defence counsel, conflicts of interest, contingency fees, and Hungarian regulation in light of European human rights and professional standards.
BÉCSI, KATALIN
Constitutional Legal System’s Customization in Serbia with the EU Acquis...
National minorities; minority rights; EU acquis; Serbian constitutional law; anti-discrimination; collective rights
The article examines Serbia’s constitutional and legislative protection of national minorities in the context of alignment with the EU acquis and European human rights standards. It highlights shortcomings in defining minority status, guaranteeing collective rights, and implementing legal protections in practice.
MATIJEVIĆ, NIKOLINA – DRAGUTINOVIĆ, LJILJANA – MILIĆ, VELJKO
The Role of Smart Courts and Artificial Intelligence in Enhancing Consumer Protection...
Smart courts; artificial intelligence; consumer protection; access to justice; digital justice
This article examines how smart courts and artificial intelligence can strengthen consumer protection in civil law systems while also creating new risks for fair trial rights and equality before the law. It compares developments in the European Union, the United Kingdom, and China, focusing on online filing, virtual hearings, automated case management, AI-assisted document review, and judicial decision-support tools. The article argues that these technologies can improve access to justice for consumers by reducing delay, lowering costs, simplifying small claims procedures, and supporting cross-border dispute resolution. At the same time, it shows that algorithmic bias, black-box reasoning, automation bias, data protection concerns, and digital exclusion may undermine the very protective function that consumer law is meant to serve. The comparative analysis suggests that AI is most defensible in assistant functions, such as triage, translation, document organization, and procedural guidance, but is far more problematic when it approaches substantive adjudication. The article concludes that smart courts can contribute meaningfully to consumer justice only if they are designed around transparency, human oversight, inclusivity, and effective procedural safeguards.
OCHILBOEV, ABBOSBEK
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