Global Governance & International Institutions
Criteria for Determining Whether a Trademark Is Well-Known
Criteria, famous trademark, trademarks with a reputation, well-known trademark
Nowadays, a trademark gives an incentive for commercial establishments to maintain the quality of their products or services such as COCA-COLA and Google. The customer will observe the trademark, indicating that certain products or services as a guarantee of quality. However, increasing figures of products appear on the market, which are similar to those marked with well-known trademarks. All these issues lead to the fact of how important is to protect well-known trademarks, which emerged strongly on the national and international forum. Recently, several trademark has international or worldwide renown and its reputation surpasses the country of origin where it has been registered and acquired fame in a relevant sector among the consumers’ public, then that trademark called “well-known” trademark. The criteria for determining whether a mark is well-known have two folds: First, they are decisive factors to distinguish theoretically between ordinary trademarks and the well-known trademarks; second, they are important to confer protection in case of infringement. This paper highlights the definition of trademark and famous trademark under EU, USA, and international approaches. In addition, this paper examines the criteria-if available- provided under the WIPO Joint Resolution Concerning provisions on the Protection of Well-known mark.
AL RAWASHDEH, WADDAH
The Legal Status of Personnel in Multinational Peace Operations with Special Regard to Sexual...
Peacekeeping personnel; sexual exploitation and abuse; jurisdictional immunity; international responsibility; United Nations; criminal accountability
The article examines the differing legal status, jurisdictional immunities, and accountability regimes applicable to military and civilian personnel in United Nations peace operations. It identifies obstacles to prosecuting sexual exploitation and abuse and recommends stronger investigation, reporting, cooperation, and enforcement mechanisms.
HÁRS, ANDRÁS
Exploring Links Between Civil Society and Transitional Justice in the Western Balkans...
Transitional justice; civil society; Bosnia and Herzegovina; reconciliation; peacebuilding; RECOM
The article examines the contribution of civil society to transitional justice, reconciliation, and peacebuilding in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the wider Western Balkans. It evaluates domestic initiatives, institutional cooperation, and the RECOM process, emphasizing the need for coordinated strategies involving governments, victims, civil society, and international actors.
MIRKOVIĆ, MAJA
Geoengineering and Weather Modification Programs: Environmental Protection or Environmental Warfare?
Geoengineering; weather modification; environmental warfare; climate governance; ENMOD Convention; international security
The article examines geoengineering and weather modification as potential tools of climate protection and environmental warfare. It reviews historical programs, disputed military applications, the ENMOD Convention, and the need for transparent international regulation of emerging climate-manipulation technologies.
MERKI, GIANNA
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